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Reference Word and Making Inferences



Task 1. Reference Word and Making Inferences

a.   Making inferences from conversation.

Conversation 1

Aristo         : What should I do?
Bayu           : Cut up the banana into small slices and then put them on one of the pieces of bread.
Aristo         : Ok. It’s so easy for me.
Bayu           : Yeah it so easy.
Aristo         : Do you like cooking?
Bayu           : Yes, I do. I love cooking. I usually prepare my own dishes.
Aristo         : Really?
Bayu           : Yes, sure.

Questions ( reference word ) :
1.      The word “them” in line 2 refers to?
The banana

2.      The pronoun “it” in line 3 refers to?
Cut up (the banana)

3.      The pronoun “me” in line 3 refers to?
Aristo


Questions ( making inferences ) :
1.      Where are these people?
These people are in the kitchen.

2.      What are they talking about?
They are talking about Bayu’s hobby. That is cooking.

3.      Who is usually cooking for himself?
Bayu usually prepare his own dishes.



Conversation 2

Tio              : Are you sure about this direction?
Bram           : Sorry, I’m not really sure about it.
Tio              : Don’t be foolish. We have been walking so far, you know.
Bram           : I can’t remember any sign. I think this is the right path. I’m sorry.

Questions ( reference word ) :
1.      The word “you” in line 1 refers to?
Bram

2.      The pronoun “it” in line 2 refers to?
The direction

3.      The word “we” in line 3 refers to?
Tio and Bram 


Questions ( making inferences ) :
1.      What are Bram and Tio doing?
They explore the forest.

2.      Who is asking someone for one’s certainty?
Tio

3.      Who is not sure about something?
Bram



b.  Making inferences from short story

Short story 1

My Bad Experience

Let me remind you my experience during an earthquake last week. When it happened, I was on my car. I was driving home from my vocation to Bali. Suddenly my car lunched to one side, to the left. I thought I got flat tire. I did not know that is was an earthquake. I knew it was an earthquake when I saw some telephone and electricity poles falling down to the ground, like matchsticks.
Then I saw a lot of rocks tumbling across the road. I was trapped by the rock. Even I could not move my car at all. There were rocks everywhere. There was nothing I could do but left the car and walked along way to my house, in the town.
When I reached my town, I was so surprised that there was almost nothing left. The earthquake made a lot of damage to my town. Although nothing was left, I thanked God that nobody was seriously injured.


Questions ( reference word ) :
1.      The pronoun “me” in line 1 refers to?
The writer

2.      The pronoun “you” in line 1 refers to?
The readers

3.      The pronoun “it” in line 1 refers to?
The earthquake


Questions ( making inferences ) :
1.      Where was the writer?
The writer was on the way home.

2.      What happened with the writer’s car?
The writer’s car lunched to one side, to the left.

3.      What happened in the story?
There was an earthquake.



Short story 2

Toba Lake

       Once upon a time, there was a handsome man. His name was Batara Guru Sahala. He liked fishing. One day, he caught a fish. He was surprised to find out that the fish could talk. The fish begged him to set it free.
       Batara Guru could not bear it. He made the fish free. As soon as it was free, the fish changed into a very beautiful woman. She attracted Batara Guru so much. He left in love with that fish-woman. The woman wanted to marry with him and said that Batara Guru had to keep the secret which she had been a fish. Batara Guru agreed and promised that he would never tell anybody about it.
       They were married happily. They had two daughters. One day Batara Guru got very angry with his daughter. He could not control his mad. He shouted angrily and got the word of fish to his daughter. The daughters were crying. They found their mother and talked her about it.
       The mother was very annoyed. Batara Guru broke his promise. The mother was shouting angrily. Then the earth began to shake. Volcanoes started to erupt. The earth formed a very big hole. People believed that the big hole became a lake. Then this lake is known as Toba Lake.


Questions ( reference word ) :
1.      The pronoun “his” in line 1 refers to?
A handsome man

2.      The pronoun “it in line 3 refers to?
The fish

3.      The pronoun “she” in line 5 refers to?
A very beautiful woman

4.      The pronoun “they” in line 9 refers to?
Batara Guru Sahala and the beautiful woman

5.      The pronoun “they” in line 11 refers to?
Batara Guru Sahala and the beautiful woman’s daughters.



Questions ( making inferences ) :
1.      Who was the handsome man’s name?
The handsome man’s name was Batara Guru Sahala.

2.      What was he caught when he fishing?
He caught a fish.

3.      What happened with the fish?
The fish changed into a very beautiful woman.

4.       Did they marry?
Yes, they did.

5.      What was the Batara promised to the woman?
He promised that he would never tell anybody about the woman’s secret.




Task 2. Finding Pattern of Organization

a. The Listing Pattern

Passage 1
Many modern people are turning themselves
into social victims. One example is a Tennessee
woman who is suing McDonald’s because she was
badly burned on the chin by a hot pickle in her
hamburger. A Canadian woman is another example.
She wants to ban the South Park television show
because her son Kenny is victimized by the show’s
Kenny character, who is killed in each episode.
And third example is a group of European and Australian women
who want to ban urinals in men’s restrooms because
the require men to stand in a way that suggests
violence toward women. Another group argues that
single people are victimized because society ignores
them.

Topic                   : Social victim
Main idea            : Many modern people are turning themselves into social victim.

Signal Words
Details ( reasons )
One
Another
Third
another
A social victim of McDonald’s chef.
A social victim of television show.
A social victim of wrong suggestion.
A social victim of society molestation.


Passage 2
       Reading is very important. First by reading we can add our knowledge. Second, we can get a new information. The hot news happens in this world. Third, we can learn everything by reading. Finally, reading is window world.

Topic                      : Reading
Main idea              : Reading is very important.

Signal Words
Details ( reasons )
First
Second
Third
Finally
Add our knowledge
Get a new information
Learn everything we want
Window world



b.  The Time Order Pattern

Passage 1
The famous Leaning Tower of Pisa has been tilting for over 800
years, and recent improvements should allow it to continue tilting for another
300 more. On August 9, 1173 , construction began on this well known Italian
bell tower. Almost immediately, it began leaning because it was being
erected on the soft silt of a buried riverbed. Between 1178 and 1336, work
stopped and started two more times as workers tried to continue the project
and figure out how to compensate for the tilt. Over the next six centuries, the
tower’s lean continued to increase, although tourists were still allowed to
visit. Then, in 1990, Italy’s prime minister feared the tower would collapse
and closed it to the public. From 1999 to 2001, engineers excavated soil
from beneath the tower. Now, the tower still leans out about 15 feet beyond
its base, but it should remain stable for several more centuries.

Topic                      : The famous Leaning Tower of Pisa
Main idea              : The famous Leaning Tower of Pisa has been titling for over 800 years, and recent improvements should allow it to continue titling for another 300 more. 

Signal Words
Details ( reasons )
Over 800 years ago
Recent improvement
On August 9, 1173

Almost immediately
Between 1178 and 1336
Two more times
Over the next six centuries
Then, in 1990
From 1999 to 2001
Now
Has been titling
Continue titling for another 300 more
Construction began on this well known Italian bell tower
Began leaning because of erection
Work stopped
Continue the project
The tower’s lean continue to increase
The tower would collapse and closed to the public
Engineers excavated soil from beneath the tower
The tower still leans out about 15 feet beyond its base



Passage 2
Fried chicken is a delicious food. And it’s easy to cook. First, put flour, salt, pepper, and chili powder in a plastic bag and shake to mix. Next, cut chicken into small pieces, add them to the bag and shake to coat the chicken with seasoned flour. After that, heat the oil in a heavy frying pan over medium-high heat and cook the chicken for about ten to fifteen minutes or until the chicken is golden brown. Finally, drain the chicken and serve.

Topic                      : Fried chicken
Main idea              : Fried chicken is a delicious food.

Signal Words
Details ( reasons )
First

Next

After that


Finally
Put flour, salt, pepper, and chili powder in a plastic bag and shake to mix.
Cut chicken into small pieces, add them to the bag and shake to coat the chicken with seasoned flour.
Heat the oil in a heavy frying pan over medium-high heat and cook the chicken for about ten to fifteen minutes or until the chicken is golden brown.
Drain the chicken and serve.



c. The Comparison Pattern

Passage 1
My two children are so different that it surprises me
everyday. For one thing, my older child is a girl, and my
younger child is a boy. My daughter loves reading, going
to the movies, and writing in her journal. My son, on the
other hand, loves running, jumping, and swimming–
anything that requires using energy. My daughter loves all
different kinds of foods, but my son likes to eat only pizza.
My son can’t go a day without watching some
kind of sporting event on television, but my daughter will only
watch a baseball game if nothing else is on.

Topic                      : The daughter and the son
Main idea              : My two children are so different that is surprises me everyday.

Signal Words
Details ( reasons )
For one thing different
On the other hand
But
But
Different in gender
Different in hobbies
Different in foods
Different in TV program


Passage 2
       Oranges and lemons are similar kinds of fruit. Both grow in warm places. Both have hard skins and soft insides. They are also eaten in similar way. The two fruits are often used in desserts and main dishes. People make juice from oranges and also lemons. Finally, oranges and lemons have the same vitamin in them- vitamin C.

Topic                      : Oranges and lemons
Main idea              : Oranges and lemons are similar kinds of fruit.

Signal Words
Details ( reasons )
Both
Both
Similar
The two
And also
Same
Grow in warm places
Have hard skins and soft insides
Way of being eaten
Are used in cooking
People make juice from them
Vitamin



d. The Cause/Effect Pattern

Passage 1

       When people talk about the “drug problem”, they usually mean abusing legal drugs or using illegal drugs, such as marijuana, ecstasy, cocaine, LSD, crystal meth and heroin. Illegal drugs can damage the brain, heart, and other important organs. Cocaine, for instance, can cause a heart attack. While using drugs, a person is also less able to do well in school, sports, and other activities. It is often harder to think clearly and make a good decisions. People can do dumb or dangerous things that could hurt themselves -or other people- when they use drugs.
       Sometimes people try drugs to fit in with a group of friends. Or they might be curious or just bored. A person may use illegal drugs for many reasons, but often because they help the person escape from reality for a while. If a person is sad or upset, a drug can – temporarily- make the person feel better or forget about problems. But this escape lasts only until the drugs wears off. Drugs do not solve problems, of course. And using drugs often causes other problems on top of the problems the person had in the first place. A person who uses drugs can become dependent on them, or addicted. This means that the person’s body becomes so accustomed to having this drug that he or she can not function well without it. Once a person is addicted, it is very hard to stop taking drugs. Stopping can cause withdrawal symptoms, such as vomiting (throwing up), sweating, and tremors (shaking). These sick feelings continue until the person’s body gets adjusted to being drug free again.

Topic                      : Drugs
Main idea              : When people talk about the “drug problem”, they usually mean abusing legal drugs or using illegal drugs, such as marijuana, ecstasy, cocaine, LSD, crystal meth, and heroin.

Cause
Signal Words
Effect
Illegal drugs
Cocaine
Using drugs
Drug

Using drug
Using drug
Stop taking drugs
Can damage
Can cause
Can do
Can make

Causes
Can become
Can cause
The important organs
A heart attack
Dangerous things
Temporarily feel better and forgot about problems
Other problems
Dependent on them
Withdrawal symptoms



Passage 2

       Global warming is a term used to describe a gradual increase in the earth’s average ground and atmospheric temperatures across the whole planet. Measurements indicate that the global temperature has increased by about 1 degree Fahrenheit in the past century. This warming trend appeared during a period when human activities were beginning to increase the carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
       Although most scientists believe that a rise in carbon dioxide emissions will lead to further global warming, uncertainties remain about the timing and severity of resulting climatic change. Nevertheless, many are convinced that human activities are partly responsible for the long-term warming of the past century and that climatic changes caused by greenhouse gas increases will be a continuing part of our future.
       The impact of global warming could be devastating. Global warming causes ozone depletion, melting polar ice, and rising ocean levels. The ozone layer, which protects all life from ultraviolet (UV) radiation, is being destroyed by the release of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) into the atmosphere. The widening holes in the ozone layer allow in more UV rays, which can cause skin cancers, cataracts, and immune system damage. UV rays are detrimental to pollination, seed production, and marine life food supplies as well.
       Ice sheets in the Artic Ocean have receded to record lows, and Antarctic glaciers are melting at a fast rate, causing sea levels to rise and indigenous wildlife to lose its habitat. Rising ocean levels could eventually cause worldwide flooding of coastal areas, forcing people and wildlife to migrate in land. Many experts predict global warming will cause a dramatic increase in excessive rainfall in some areas and severe drought in others, resulting in floods, crop failures, and a rising number of forest fires and land slides.
       Many of the world’s most knowledgeable climate-change scientists forecast that the earth’s temperature will rise from 1.44 to 6.3 degree Fahrenheit by the year 2100 if we don’t take steps to reduce greenhouse gases. An increase of 1 to 3.6 degree Fahrenheit will occur even if we do act, because many gases have already been released.



Topic                      : Global warming
Main idea              : Global warming is a term used to describe a gradual increase in the earth’s average ground and atmosphere temperatures across the whole planet.

Cause
Signal Words
Effect
A rise in CO2 emissions
Greenhouse gas
Global warming

UV rays

Rising sea levels
Rising ocean levels
Global warming
Lead to

Caused by
Causes

Can cause

Causing
Cause

Cause
Further global warming

Climatic change
Ozone depleting, melting polar ice, and rising ocean levels
Skin cancers, cataracts, immune system damage
Lose the habitat
A dangerous disaster

Dangerous disasters
    

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