Task 1. Reference Word and Making Inferences
a. Making inferences from
conversation.
Conversation 1
Aristo : What should I
do?
Bayu :
Cut up the banana into small slices and then put them on one of the pieces of bread.
Aristo :
Ok. It’s so easy for me.
Bayu :
Yeah it so easy.
Aristo :
Do you like cooking?
Bayu :
Yes, I do. I love cooking. I usually prepare my own dishes.
Aristo :
Really?
Bayu :
Yes, sure.
Questions (
reference word ) :
1.
The word
“them” in line 2 refers to?
The banana
2.
The
pronoun “it” in line 3 refers to?
Cut up (the banana)
3.
The
pronoun “me” in line 3 refers to?
Aristo
Questions ( making
inferences ) :
1.
Where are
these people?
These people are in the
kitchen.
2.
What are
they talking about?
They are talking about
Bayu’s hobby. That is cooking.
3.
Who is
usually cooking for himself?
Bayu usually prepare his
own dishes.
Conversation 2
Tio : Are you sure
about this direction?
Bram : Sorry, I’m not
really sure about it.
Tio : Don’t be
foolish. We have been walking so far, you know.
Bram : I can’t
remember any sign. I think this is the right path. I’m sorry.
Questions ( reference word
) :
1.
The word
“you” in line 1 refers to?
Bram
2.
The
pronoun “it” in line 2 refers to?
The direction
3.
The word
“we” in line 3 refers to?
Tio and Bram
Questions ( making
inferences ) :
1.
What are
Bram and Tio doing?
They explore the forest.
2.
Who is
asking someone for one’s certainty?
Tio
3.
Who is not
sure about something?
Bram
b. Making inferences from short story
Short story 1
My Bad Experience
Let me remind you my experience during an earthquake last week. When
it happened, I was on my car. I was driving home from my vocation to Bali. Suddenly my car lunched to one side, to the left. I
thought I got flat tire. I did not know that is was an earthquake. I knew it
was an earthquake when I saw some telephone and electricity poles falling down
to the ground, like matchsticks.
Then I saw a lot of rocks tumbling across the road. I was trapped by
the rock. Even I could not move my car at all. There were rocks everywhere.
There was nothing I could do but left the car and walked along way to my house,
in the town.
When I reached my town, I was so surprised that there was almost
nothing left. The earthquake made a lot of damage to my town. Although nothing
was left, I thanked God that nobody was seriously injured.
Questions ( reference word ) :
1.
The
pronoun “me” in line 1 refers to?
The writer
2.
The
pronoun “you” in line 1 refers to?
The readers
3.
The
pronoun “it” in line 1 refers to?
The earthquake
Questions ( making inferences ) :
1.
Where was
the writer?
The writer was on the way home.
2.
What
happened with the writer’s car?
The writer’s car lunched to one side, to the left.
3.
What
happened in the story?
There was an earthquake.
Short story 2
Toba Lake
Once upon a time, there was a handsome
man. His name was Batara Guru Sahala. He liked fishing. One day, he caught a
fish. He was surprised to find out that the fish could talk. The fish begged
him to set it free.
Batara Guru could not bear it. He made
the fish free. As soon as it was free, the fish changed into a very beautiful
woman. She attracted Batara Guru so much. He left in love with that fish-woman.
The woman wanted to marry with him and said that Batara Guru had to keep the
secret which she had been a fish. Batara Guru agreed and promised that he would
never tell anybody about it.
They were married happily. They had two
daughters. One day Batara Guru got very angry with his daughter. He could not
control his mad. He shouted angrily and got the word of fish to his daughter.
The daughters were crying. They found their mother and talked her about it.
The mother was very annoyed. Batara Guru
broke his promise. The mother was shouting angrily. Then the earth began to
shake. Volcanoes started to erupt. The earth formed a very big hole. People
believed that the big hole became a lake. Then this lake is known as Toba Lake.
Questions ( reference word ) :
1.
The
pronoun “his” in line 1 refers to?
A handsome man
2.
The
pronoun “it in line 3 refers to?
The fish
3.
The pronoun
“she” in line 5 refers to?
A very beautiful woman
4.
The
pronoun “they” in line 9 refers to?
Batara Guru Sahala and the beautiful woman
5.
The
pronoun “they” in line 11 refers to?
Batara Guru Sahala and the beautiful woman’s
daughters.
Questions ( making inferences ) :
1.
Who was
the handsome man’s name?
The handsome man’s name was Batara Guru Sahala.
2.
What was
he caught when he fishing?
He caught a fish.
3.
What
happened with the fish?
The fish changed into a very beautiful woman.
4.
Did they marry?
Yes, they did.
5.
What was
the Batara promised to the woman?
He promised that he would never tell anybody about the
woman’s secret.
Task
2. Finding Pattern of Organization
a. The Listing Pattern
Passage 1
Many
modern people are turning themselves
into social victims. One example is a Tennessee
woman who is suing McDonald’s because she was
badly burned on the chin by a hot pickle in
her
hamburger. A Canadian woman is another
example.
She wants to ban the South Park
television show
because her son Kenny is victimized by the
show’s
Kenny character, who is killed in each
episode.
And third example is a group of European and
Australian women
who want to ban urinals in men’s restrooms
because
the require men to stand in a way that
suggests
violence toward women. Another group argues
that
single people are victimized because society
ignores
them.
Topic : Social victim
Main idea : Many modern people are turning themselves into social victim.
Signal Words
|
Details ( reasons )
|
One
Another
Third
another
|
A social victim of McDonald’s chef.
A social victim of television show.
A social victim of wrong suggestion.
A social victim of society molestation.
|
Passage 2
Reading
is very important. First by reading we can add our knowledge. Second, we can
get a new information. The hot news happens in this world. Third, we can learn
everything by reading. Finally, reading is window world.
Topic :
Reading
Main idea : Reading
is very important.
Signal Words
|
Details ( reasons )
|
First
Second
Third
Finally
|
Add our knowledge
Get a new information
Learn everything we want
Window world
|
b. The Time Order Pattern
Passage 1
The
famous Leaning Tower of Pisa has been tilting for over 800
years, and recent improvements should allow
it to continue tilting for another
300 more. On August 9, 1173 ,
construction began on this well known Italian
bell tower. Almost immediately, it began
leaning because it was being
erected on the soft silt of a buried
riverbed. Between 1178 and 1336, work
stopped and started two more times as workers
tried to continue the project
and figure out how to compensate for the
tilt. Over the next six centuries, the
tower’s lean continued to increase, although
tourists were still allowed to
visit. Then, in 1990, Italy’s prime
minister feared the tower would collapse
and closed it to the public. From 1999 to
2001, engineers excavated soil
from beneath the tower. Now, the tower still
leans out about 15 feet beyond
its base, but it should remain stable for several more centuries.
Topic : The famous Leaning Tower of Pisa
Main
idea : The famous Leaning Tower of Pisa
has been titling for over 800 years, and recent improvements should allow it to
continue titling for another 300 more.
Signal Words
|
Details ( reasons )
|
Over 800 years
ago
Recent
improvement
On August 9,
1173
Almost
immediately
Between 1178
and 1336
Two more times
Over the next
six centuries
Then, in 1990
From 1999 to
2001
Now
|
Has been
titling
Continue
titling for another 300 more
Construction
began on this well known Italian bell tower
Began leaning
because of erection
Work stopped
Continue the
project
The tower’s
lean continue to increase
The tower
would collapse and closed to the public
Engineers
excavated soil from beneath the tower
The tower
still leans out about 15 feet beyond its base
|
Passage 2
Fried chicken is a delicious food. And it’s easy to cook. First, put
flour, salt, pepper, and chili powder in a plastic bag and shake to mix. Next,
cut chicken into small pieces, add them to the bag and shake to coat the
chicken with seasoned flour. After that, heat the oil in a heavy frying pan
over medium-high heat and cook the chicken for about ten to fifteen minutes or
until the chicken is golden brown. Finally, drain the chicken and serve.
Topic :
Fried chicken
Main idea : Fried
chicken is a delicious food.
Signal Words
|
Details ( reasons )
|
First
Next
After that
Finally
|
Put flour, salt, pepper, and chili powder
in a plastic bag and shake to mix.
Cut chicken into small pieces, add them
to the bag and shake to coat the chicken with seasoned flour.
Heat the oil in a heavy frying pan over
medium-high heat and cook the chicken for about ten to fifteen minutes or
until the chicken is golden brown.
Drain the chicken and serve.
|
c. The Comparison Pattern
Passage 1
My two children are so different that it
surprises me
everyday. For one thing, my older child is a
girl, and my
younger child is a boy. My daughter loves
reading, going
to the movies, and writing in her journal. My
son, on the
other hand, loves running, jumping, and
swimming–
anything that requires using energy. My
daughter loves all
different kinds of foods, but my son likes to
eat only pizza.
My son can’t go a day without watching some
kind of sporting event on television, but my
daughter will only
watch a
baseball game if nothing else is on.
Topic : The daughter and the son
Main idea : My
two children are so different that is surprises me everyday.
Signal Words
|
Details ( reasons )
|
For one thing different
On the other hand
But
But
|
Different in gender
Different in hobbies
Different in foods
Different in TV program
|
Passage 2
Oranges
and lemons are similar kinds of fruit. Both grow in warm places. Both have hard
skins and soft insides. They are also eaten in similar way. The two fruits are
often used in desserts and main dishes. People make juice from oranges and also
lemons. Finally, oranges and lemons have the same vitamin in them- vitamin C.
Topic :
Oranges and lemons
Main idea :
Oranges and lemons are similar kinds of fruit.
Signal Words
|
Details ( reasons )
|
Both
Both
Similar
The two
And also
Same
|
Grow in warm places
Have hard skins and soft insides
Way of being eaten
Are used in cooking
People make juice from them
Vitamin
|
d. The Cause/Effect Pattern
Passage 1
When people talk about the “drug
problem”, they usually mean abusing legal drugs or using illegal drugs, such as
marijuana, ecstasy, cocaine, LSD, crystal meth and heroin. Illegal drugs can
damage the brain, heart, and other important organs. Cocaine, for instance, can
cause a heart attack. While using drugs, a person is also less able to do well
in school, sports, and other activities. It is often harder to think clearly
and make a good decisions. People can do dumb or dangerous things that could
hurt themselves -or other people- when they use drugs.
Sometimes people try drugs to fit in with
a group of friends. Or they might be curious or just bored. A person may use
illegal drugs for many reasons, but often because they help the person escape
from reality for a while. If a person is sad or upset, a drug can –
temporarily- make the person feel better or forget about problems. But this
escape lasts only until the drugs wears off. Drugs do not solve problems, of
course. And using drugs often causes other problems on top of the problems the
person had in the first place. A person who uses drugs can become dependent on
them, or addicted. This means that the person’s body becomes so accustomed to
having this drug that he or she can not function well without it. Once a person
is addicted, it is very hard to stop taking drugs. Stopping can cause
withdrawal symptoms, such as vomiting (throwing up), sweating, and tremors
(shaking). These sick feelings continue until the person’s body gets adjusted
to being drug free again.
Topic :
Drugs
Main idea : When
people talk about the “drug problem”, they usually mean abusing legal drugs or
using illegal drugs, such as marijuana, ecstasy, cocaine, LSD, crystal meth,
and heroin.
Cause
|
Signal Words
|
Effect
|
Illegal drugs
Cocaine
Using drugs
Drug
Using drug
Using drug
Stop taking drugs
|
Can damage
Can cause
Can do
Can make
Causes
Can become
Can cause
|
The important organs
A heart attack
Dangerous things
Temporarily feel better and forgot about
problems
Other problems
Dependent on them
Withdrawal symptoms
|
Passage 2
Global warming is a term used to describe
a gradual increase in the earth’s average ground and atmospheric temperatures
across the whole planet. Measurements indicate that the global temperature has
increased by about 1 degree Fahrenheit in the past century. This warming trend
appeared during a period when human activities were beginning to increase the
carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
Although most scientists believe that a
rise in carbon dioxide emissions will lead to further global warming,
uncertainties remain about the timing and severity of resulting climatic
change. Nevertheless, many are convinced that human activities are partly responsible
for the long-term warming of the past century and that climatic changes caused
by greenhouse gas increases will be a continuing part of our future.
The impact of global warming could be
devastating. Global warming causes ozone depletion, melting polar ice, and
rising ocean levels. The ozone layer, which protects all life from ultraviolet
(UV) radiation, is being destroyed by the release of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
into the atmosphere. The widening holes in the ozone layer allow in more UV
rays, which can cause skin cancers, cataracts, and immune system damage. UV
rays are detrimental to pollination, seed production, and marine life food
supplies as well.
Ice sheets in the Artic Ocean
have receded to record lows, and Antarctic glaciers are melting at a fast rate,
causing sea levels to rise and indigenous wildlife to lose its habitat. Rising
ocean levels could eventually cause worldwide flooding of coastal areas,
forcing people and wildlife to migrate in land. Many experts predict global
warming will cause a dramatic increase in excessive rainfall in some areas and
severe drought in others, resulting in floods, crop failures, and a rising
number of forest fires and land slides.
Many of the world’s most knowledgeable
climate-change scientists forecast that the earth’s temperature will rise from
1.44 to 6.3 degree Fahrenheit by the year 2100 if we don’t take steps to reduce
greenhouse gases. An increase of 1 to 3.6 degree Fahrenheit will occur even if
we do act, because many gases have already been released.
Topic :
Global warming
Main idea : Global
warming is a term used to describe a gradual increase in the earth’s average
ground and atmosphere temperatures across the whole planet.
Cause
|
Signal Words
|
Effect
|
A rise in CO2 emissions
Greenhouse gas
Global warming
UV rays
Rising sea levels
Rising ocean levels
Global warming
|
Lead to
Caused by
Causes
Can cause
Causing
Cause
Cause
|
Further global warming
Climatic change
Ozone depleting, melting polar ice, and
rising ocean levels
Skin cancers, cataracts, immune system
damage
Lose the habitat
A dangerous disaster
Dangerous disasters
|
